TOWARD QUEER POTENTIALITIES IN CHILD AND YOUTH CARE
Abstract
Arguably, from the invention of adolescence at the beginning of the 20th century, developmental theory has served as the foundation of disciplinary study and professional practice with children and youth across the global West. Despite their founders’ assertions that development is culturally constructed, in educational and youth work practice contexts stage-based trajectories of normative human growth are largely erroneously accepted as ahistorical, apolitical, naturally occurring, and universally applicable. This paper presents critiques of developmentalism from historical, reconceptualist, and queer perspectives, calling into question the underlying principles of normalcy and abnormality that run through the developmental project. We pay particular attention to the potential of queer theory as an analytic to deconstruct developmentalism in the context of child and youth care, opening new possibilities for critical engagement with children and youth outside the context of development.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Berry, A., Do Nascimento, A., & Pacini-Ketchabaw, V. (2018). Pedagogies of care: Thinking-with and paying attention. Relational Child & Youth Care Practice, 31(2), 49–57.
Blaise, M. (2005a). A feminist poststructuralist study of children “doing” gender in an urban kindergarten classroom. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 20(1), 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2005.01.002
Blaise, M. (2005b). Playing it straight: Uncovering gender discourse in the early childhood classroom (1st ed.). Routledge.
Blaise, M. (2009). “What a girl wants, what a girl needs”: Responding to sex, gender, and sexuality in the early childhood classroom. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 23(4), 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568540909594673
Blaise, M. (2010). Kiss and tell: Gendered narratives and childhood sexuality. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 35(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911003500102
Blaise, M. (2014). Gender discourses and play. In L. Brooker, M. Blaise, & S. Edwards (Eds.), The Sage handbook of play and learning in early childhood (pp. 115–127). Sage Publications Ltd.
Blaise, M., & Affrica, T. (2012). Using queer theory to rethink gender equity in early childhood education. Young Children, 67(1), 88–96.
Bloch, M. N. (1992). Critical perspectives on the historical relationship between child development and early childhood education research. In S.A. Kessler & B. B. Swadner (Eds.), Reconceptualizing the early childhood curriculum: Beginning the dialogue (pp. 3–20). Teachers College Press.
Bloch, M. N. (2013). Reconceptualizing theory/policy/curriculum/pedagogy in early child (care and) education: Reconceptualizing early childhood education (RECE) 1991–2012. International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood, 11(1), 21.
Bohart, H., & Procopio, R. (2017). Spotlight on young children: Social and emotional development. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Boyden, J. (1997). Childhood and the policy makers: A comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood. In A. Prout & A. James (Eds.), Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood (pp. 187–225). Falmer Press.
Branch, M. A. (2003). Back in the fold. Yale Alumni Magazine, 66(6). http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/03_04/kramer.html
Bredekamp, S. (Ed.). (1987). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Bredekamp, S., & Copple, C. (Eds.). (1997). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8 (Rev. ed.). National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Browne, N. (2004). Gender equity in the early years. Open University Press.
Burman, E. (2016). Deconstructing developmental psychology (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Cannella, G. S. (1997). Deconstructing early childhood education: Social justice & revolution.
Peter Lang.
Cannella, G. S., Swadener, B., & Che, Y. (2007). Reconceptualists. In R. S. New (Ed.), The early childhood education: An international encyclopedia (pp. 693–696). ABC-CLIO.
Cannella, G. S., & Viruru, R. (2004). Childhood and postcolonization: Power, education, and contemporary practice. Routledge.
Castañeda, C. (2014). Childhood. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1(1–2), 61. https://doi.org/10.1215/23289252-2399605
Chapman, R. (2021). Moving beyond ‘gender-neutral’: Creating gender expansive environments in early childhood education [Online]. Gender and Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2021.1902485
Copple, C., & Bredekamp, S. (Eds.). (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8 (3rd ed.). National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Council on Social Work Education. (2015). Educational policy and accreditation standards for baccalaureate and master’s social work programs. https://www.cswe.org/getattachment/Accreditation/Accreditation-Process/2015-EPAS/2015EPAS_Web_FINAL.pdf.aspx
Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2007). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Daniel, B.-J. M. (2020). Embedding anti-oppression and anti-racism perspectives in the field of child and youth care: A case for rearticulating relational care [Online]. Child & Youth Services, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935x.2020.1840348
DeVries, R. & Sales, C. (2010). Ramps and pathways: A constructivist approach to physics with young children. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Donald, D., & Krahn, C. (2014). Abandoning pathologization: Conceptualizing Indigenous youth identity as flowing from communitarian understandings. In A. Ibrahim & Steinberg, S. R. (Eds.), Critical youth studies reader (pp. 114–129). Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1271-3
Dyer, H. (2017). Queer futurity and childhood innocence: Beyond the injury of development. Global Studies of Childhood, 7(3), 290–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610616671056
Edelman, L. (2004). No future: Queer theory and the death drive. Duke University Press.
Edwards, S., Blaise, M., & Hammer, M. (2009). Beyond developmentalism? Early childhood teachers’ understandings of multiage grouping in early childhood education and care. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 34(4), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910903400408
Elkind, D. (2015). Giants in the nursery: A biographical history of developmentally appropriate practice. Redleaf Press.
Epstein, R. (2007). The case against adolescence: Rediscovering the adult in every teen. Quill Driver Books/Word Dancer Press.
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. Norton.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton.
Ferguson, R. A. (2003). Aberrations in Black: Toward a queer of color critique (1st ed.). University Of Minnesota Press.
Finn, J. (2009). Making trouble: Representations of social work, youth, and pathology. In L. M. Nybell, J. J. Shook, & J. L. Finn (Eds.), Childhood, youth, and social work in transformation: Implications for policy and practice (pp. 37–66). Columbia University Press.
Flavell, J. H. (1992). Cognitive development: Past, present, and future. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 998–1005. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.998
Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Gallimard.
Ghaziani, A., & Brim, M. (2019). Four provocations for an emerging field. In A. Ghaziani & M. Brim (Eds.), Imagining queer methods (pp. 3–27). New York University Press.
Gill-Peterson, J. (2018). Histories of the transgender child (3rd ed.). University Of Minnesota Press.
Henward, A. S., Tauaa, M., & Turituri, R. (2018). Contextualizing child-centeredness: Lessons from an American Samoan Head Start. Policy Futures in Education, 17(3), 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210318813249
James, J. (2020). Fiction, empathy, and gender diversity: Exploring the impact of using a novel in a child and youth care classroom. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 11(3), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs113202019707
Janmohamed, Z. (2010). Queering early childhood studies: Challenging the discourse of developmentally appropriate practice. The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 56(3), 304–318.
Janmohamed, Z. (2011, June 9). When queer enters early childhood teacher training [Paper presentation]. Global Realities & Possibilities in Queer Contexts: A 2011 CASAE-AERC Pre-Conference, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Janzen, M. D. (2008). Where is the (postmodern) child in early childhood education research? Early Years, 28(3), 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575140802393827
Jipson, J. A. (2001). Introduction: Resistance and representation: Rethinking childhood education. In J. A. Jipson & R. I. Johnson (Eds.), Resistance & representation: Rethinking childhood education (pp. 1–12). Peter Lang.
Keegan, C. M. (2020a). Against queer theory. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, 7(3), 349–353. https://doi.org/10.1215/23289252-8552978
Keegan, C. M. (2020b). Getting disciplined: What’s trans* about queer studies now? J Homosex, 67(3), 384–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1530885
Kessler, S. A. (1991). Alternative perspectives on early childhood education. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 6(2), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(91)90006-7
Kincheloe, J. L. (1992). Child loving: The erotic child and Victorian culture. Routledge.
Koralek, D., Bohart, H., & Charner, K. (2015). Spotlight on young children: Exploring play. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Lanser, S. S.. (2018). Queering narrative voice. Textual Practice, 32(6), 923–937. https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2018.1486540
Lather, P. (1991). Getting smart: Feminist research and pedagogy with/in the postmodern. Psychology Press.
Lesko, N. (1996). Denaturalizing adolescence: The politics of contemporary representations. Youth & Society, 28, 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X96028002001
Lesko, N. (2001). Act your age! A cultural construction of adolescence. Routledge.
Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge (G. Bennington & B. Massumi, Trans.). University of Minnesota.
Males, M. (2009). Does the adolescent brain make risk taking inevitable? A skeptical appraisal. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558408326913
Mattingly, M. A. (Ed.). (2010). Competencies for professional child & youth work practitioners (Rev. 2010).
https://www.acycp.org/images/pdfs/2010_Competencies_for_Professional_CYW_Practitioners.pdf
Mayo, C. (2017). Queer and trans youth, relational subjectivity, and uncertain possibilities: Challenging research in complicated contexts. Educational Researcher, 46(9), 530–538. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x17738737
Meadow, T. (2014). Child. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1(1-2), 57–59. https://doi.org/10.1215/23289252-2399596
Meadow, T. (2018). Trans kids: Being gendered in the twenty-first century. University of California Press
Meyer, L. (2017). Resisting Westernization and school reforms: Two sides to the struggle to “communalize” developmentally appropriate initial education in Indigenous Oaxaca, Mexico. Global Education Review, 4(3), 88–107.
Miller, P. H. (2016). Theories of developmental psychology (6th ed.). Worth Publishers.
Mooney, C. G. (2005). Theories of childhood: An introduction to Dewey, Montessori, Erikson, Piaget & Vygotsky (1st ed.). Pearson.
Muñoz, J. E. (2009). Cruising utopia: The then and there of queer futurity. New York University Press.
Murris, K., & Borcherds, C. (2019). Childing: A different sense of time. In D. B. Hodgins (Ed.), Feminist research for 21st-century childhoods: Common worlds methods (pp. 197–208). Bloomsbury Academic.
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/PSDAP.pdf
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2020). Developmentally appropriate
O'Loughlin, M., & Van Zile, P. T., IV. (2014). Becoming revolutionaries: Toward non-teleological and non-normative notions of youth growth. In A. Ibrahim & S. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Critical youth studies reader (pp. 47–57). Peter Lang.
Owen, G. (2010). Queer theory wrestles the “real” child: Impossibility, identity, and language in Jacqueline Rose’s “The Case of Peter Pan”. Children’s Literature Association Quarterly, 35(3), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1353/chq.2010.0007
Owen, G. (2020). A queer history of adolescence: Developmental pasts / relational futures. University of Georgia Press.
Pacini-Ketchabaw, V. (2012) Rethinking developmental theories in child and youth care. In A. Pence & J. White (Eds.), Child and youth care: Critical perspectives on pedagogy, practice, and policy (Part 1, article 2). University of British Columbia Press.
Pacini-Ketchabaw, V., & Pence, A. (2005). Contextualizing the reconceptualist movement in
Canadian early childhood education. In Canadian Child Care Federation, Research
Connections Canada (pp. 5–20). https://web.uvic.ca/fnpp/documents/01.Pacini_Pence_Contextualizing_000.pdf
Pence, A., & White, J. (2012). Introduction. In A. Pence & J. White (Eds.), Child and youth care: Critical Perspectives on pedagogy, practice, and policy. University of British Columbia Press.
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children (M. Cook, Trans.). W W Norton & Co. https://doi.org/10.1037/11494-000
Probyn, E. (1995). Suspended beginnings: Of childhood and nostalgia. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 2(4), 439–465. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-2-4-439
Prout, A. (2005). The future of childhood: Towards the interdisciplinary study of children. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203323113
Reconceptualizing Early Childhood Education. About RECE. (n.d.). https://receinternational.org/about/
Regales, J. (2008). My identity is fluid as fuck: Transgender zine writers constructing themselves. In S. Driver (Ed.), Queer youth cultures (pp. 87–103). University of New York Press.
Robinson, K. H. (2005). ‘Queerying’ gender: Heteronormativity in early childhood education. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 30(2), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910503000206
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. Oxford University Press. Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/03-633/index.pdf
Rose, J. (1992). The case of Peter Pan, or the impossibility of children’s fiction. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Rudd, D., & Pavlik, A. (2010). The (im)possibility of children's fiction: Rose twenty-five years on. Children's Literature Association Quarterly, 35(3), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1353/chq.2010.0001
Sanders, K., & Farago, F. (2018). Developmentally appropriate practice in the twenty-first century. In M. Fleer & B. van Oers (Eds.), International handbook of early childhood education (pp. 1379-1400). Springer.
Saraceno, J. (2012). Mapping whiteness and coloniality in the human service field: Possibilities for a praxis of social justice in child and youth care. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 3(2-3), 248–271. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs32-3201210869
Schachter, E. P. (2005). Erikson meets the postmodern: Can classic identity theory rise to the challenge? Identity, 5(2), 137–160. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0502_4
Schaefer, R. (2016). Teacher inquiry on the influence of materials on children’s learning (Voices). Young Children, 71(5), 64–73. https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc/nov2016/teacher-inquiry-materials
Sedgwick, E. K. (1991). How to bring your kids up gay. Social Text, 29, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/466296
Sercombe, H. (2010). The gift and the trap: Working the “teen brain” into our concept of youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25, 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409353065
Singer, D. G., & Revenson, T. A. (1996). A Piaget primer: How a child thinks (Revised ed.). Plume.
Somberville, S. B. (2014). Queer. In B. Burgett & G. Hendler (Eds.), Keywords for American cultural studies (2nd ed., pp. 203–206). New York University Press.
Stockton, K. B. (2009). The queer child, or growing sideways in the twentieth century. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822390268
Stryker, S. (2004). Transgender studies: Queer theory’s evil twin. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 10(2), 212–215.
Stryker, S., & Currah, P. (2014). Introduction. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1(1-2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1215/23289252-2398540
Swadener, B. B., & Kessler, S. (1991). Introduction to the special issue: Reconceptualizing early childhood education. Early Education and Development, 2(2), 85–94. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ej441900
Terrell v. State of Ohio, 18-5239 (2018). https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/18/18-5239/52797/20180710155315344_Deshawn Terrell Final Cert Petition.pdf
Tisdall, E. K. M., & Punch, S. (2012). Not so ‘new’? Looking critically at childhood studies. Children’s Geographies, 10(3), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2012.693376
Vachon, W. (2020). Queering child and youth care. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 11(2), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs112202019519
Walkerdine, V. (1993). Beyond developmentalism? Theory & Psychology, 3(4), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354393034004
Weedon, C. (1997). Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory. Blackwell.
Wood, E. (2009). Introduction. In S. Edwards & J. Nuttal (Eds.), Professional learning in early childhood settings (pp. 1–8). Brill | Sense. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087907501_002
Wyn, J., & White, J. (1997). Rethinking youth. Sage Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250297
Authors contributing to the International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported license. This licence allows anyone to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal right of first publication.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Rights Granted After Publication
After publication, authors may reuse portions or the full article without obtaining formal permission for inclusion within their thesis or dissertation.
Permission for these reuses is granted on the following conditions:
- that full acknowledgement is made of the original publication stating the specific material reused [pages, figure numbers, etc.], [Title] by/edited by [Author/editor], [year of publication], reproduced by permission of International Journal of Child, Youth & Family Studies [link to IJCYFS website];
- In the case of joint-authored works, it is the responsibility of the author to obtain permission from co-authors for the work to be reuse/republished;
- that reuse on personal websites and institutional or subject-based repositories includes a link to the work as published in the International Journal of Child, Youth & Family Studies; and that the material is not distributed under any kind of Open Access style licences (e.g. Creative Commons) which may affect the Licence between the author and IJCYFS.