CYBERBULLYING AMONG FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, we investigated cyberbullying among 203 female college students in Saudi Arabia during January and February 2020. The participants were randomly selected from each of the 12 colleges in the female campus of King Saud University in Riyadh City. The participants completed self-administered surveys adapted from the Compendium of Assessment Tools for Measuring Bullying Victimization, Perpetration, and Bystander Experiences, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The findings of this study revealed that 41.6% of the sample had encountered some form of cyberbullying at least once in their lifetime. On the other hand, 15.8% reported cyberbullying others. The primary motivations for cyberbullying others were fun and vengeance. The majority of victims (16.3%) did not tell anyone that they were being cyberbullied. Only 2.0% to 2.5% reported an overlap between offline and online bullying. The study’s findings indicate that female college students would benefit from comprehensive cyberbullying education and awareness campaigns. Additionally, interventions to combat cyberbullying within the population are needed.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Akbulut, Y., & Eristi, B. (2011). Cyberbullying and victimization among Turkish University students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(7), 1155–1170. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.910
Alavi, N., Reshetukha, T., Prost, E., Antoniak, K., Patel, C., Sajid, S., & Groll, D. (2017). Relationship between bullying and suicidal behaviour in youth presenting to the emergency department. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(2), 70–77.
Al-Zahrani, A. M. (2015). Cyberbullying among Saudi’s higher-education students: Implications for educators and policymakers. World Journal of Education, 5(3), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v5n3p15
Anthony, B. J., Wessler, S. L., & Sebian, J. K. (2010). Commentary: Guiding a public health approach to bullying. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(10), 1113–1115. https://doi.org/10.1093/JPEPSY/JSQ083
Arafa, A., & Senosy, S. (2017). Pattern and correlates of cyberbullying victimization among Egyptian university students in Beni-surf, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 92(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.21608/EPX.2018.8948
Bannink, R., Broeren, S., van de Looij-Jansen, P. M., de Waart, F. G., & Raat, H. (2014). Cyber and traditional bullying victimization as a risk factor for mental health problems and suicidal ideation in adolescents. PLoS ONE, 9(4), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094026
Barlett, C., & Coyne, S. M. (2014). A meta‐analysis of sex differences in cyber‐bullying behavior: The moderating role of age. Aggressive Behavior, 40(5), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21555
Bauman, S., & Newman, M. L. (2013). Testing assumptions about cyberbullying: Perceived distress associated with acts of conventional and cyber bullying. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029867
Betts, L. R., Spenser, K. A., & Gardner, S. E. (2017). Adolescents’ involvement in cyber bullying and perceptions of school: The importance of perceived peer acceptance for female adolescents. Sex Roles, 77(7–8), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0742-2
Caravaca Sánchez, F., Falcón Romero, M., Navarro-Zaragoza, J., Ruiz-Cabello, A. L., Frantzisko, O. R., & Maldonado, A. L. (2016). Prevalence and patterns of traditional bullying victimization and cyber-teasing among college population in Spain. BMC Public Health, 16(1), Article 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2857-8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health 101 series: Introduction to public health. (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/publichealth101/public-health.html
Crosslin, K., & Golman, M. (2014). “Maybe you don’t want to face it”: College students’ perspectives on cyberbullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.007
Espelage, D. L., & Hong, J. S. (2017). Cyberbullying prevention and intervention efforts: Current knowledge and future directions. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(6), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684793
Fahy, A. E., Stansfeld, S. A., Smuk, M., Smith, N. R., Cummins, S., & Clark, C. (2016). Longitudinal associations between cyberbullying involvement and adolescent mental health. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(5), 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.006
Foody, M., Samara, M., El Asam, A., Morsi, H., & Khattab, A. (2017, January 1). A review of cyberbullying legislation in Qatar: Considerations for policymakers and educators. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 50, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.10.013
Gladden, R. M., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Hamburger, M. E., & Lumpkin C. D. (2014). Bullying surveillance among youths: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, Version 1.0. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and U.S. Department of Education. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21596
González-Cabrera J, León-Mejía, A., Beranuy, M., Gutiérrez-Ortega, M., Alvarez-Bardón, A., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2018). Relationship between cyberbullying and health-related quality of life in a sample of children and adolescents. Quality of Life Research, 27(10), 2609–2618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1901-9
Grinshteyn, E., & Yang, Y. T. (2017). The association between electronic bullying and school absenteeism among high school students in the United States. Journal of School Health, 87(2), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12476
Hamburger, M. E., Basile, K. C., & Vivolo, A. M. (Eds.). (2011). Measuring bullying victimization, perpetration, and bystander experiences: A compendium of assessment tools. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/5994
Jadambaa, A., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., Graves, N., Brain, D., & Pacella, R. (2019). Prevalence of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among children and adolescents in Australia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(9), 878–888. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419846393
Kim, S., Colwell, S. R., Kata, A., Boyle, M. H., & Georgiades, K. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization and adolescent mental health: Evidence of differential effects by sex and mental health problem type. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 661–672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0678-4
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1 suppl.), S13–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
Lai, C. S., Mohamad, M. M., Lee, M. F., Salleh, K. M., Sulaiman, N. L., Rosli, D. I., & Chang, W. V. S. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying among students in Malaysian higher learning institutions. Advanced Science Letters, 23(2), 781–784. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.7492
Langos, C. (2012). Cyberbullying: The challenge to define. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(6), 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0588
Mishna, F., McInroy, L. B., Lacombe-Duncan, A., Bhole, P., Van Wert, M., Schwan, K., Birze, A., Daciuk, J., Beran, T., Craig, W., Pepler, D. J., Wiener, J., Khoury-Kassabri, M., & Johnston, D. (2016). Prevalence, motivations, and social, mental health and health consequences of cyberbullying among school-aged children and youth: Protocol of a longitudinal and multi-perspective mixed method study. JMIR Research Protocols, 5(2), Article e83. https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.5292
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Ojanen, T. T., Boonmongkon, P., Samakkeekarom, R., Samoh, N., Cholratana, M., & Guadamuz, T. E. (2015). Connections between online harassment and offline violence among youth in Central Thailand. Child Abuse and Neglect, 44, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.001
Paullet, K., & Pinchot, J. (2014). Behind the screen where today’s bully plays: Perceptions of college students on cyberbullying. Journal of Information Systems Education, 25(1), 63–69.
Peled, Y. (2019). Cyberbullying and its influence on the academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students. Heliyon, 5(3), Article e01393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01393
Selkie, E. M., Fales, J. L., & Moreno, M. A. (2016). Cyberbullying prevalence among United States middle and high school aged adolescents: A systematic review and quality assessment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.026
Selkie, E. M., Kota, R., Chan, Y.-F., & Moreno, M. (2015). Cyberbullying, depression, and problem alcohol use in female college students: A multisite study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(2), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0371
Šléglová, V., & Cerna, A. (2011). Cyberbullying in adolescent victims: Perception and coping. Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 5(2), Article 3294. https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4248/3294
Watts, L. K., Wagner, J., Velasquezc, B., & Behrens, P. I. (2017). Cyberbullying in higher education: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.038
Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, P. J. (2007). Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: Implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6 suppl.), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.004
Authors contributing to the International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported license. This licence allows anyone to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal right of first publication.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Rights Granted After Publication
After publication, authors may reuse portions or the full article without obtaining formal permission for inclusion within their thesis or dissertation.
Permission for these reuses is granted on the following conditions:
- that full acknowledgement is made of the original publication stating the specific material reused [pages, figure numbers, etc.], [Title] by/edited by [Author/editor], [year of publication], reproduced by permission of International Journal of Child, Youth & Family Studies [link to IJCYFS website];
- In the case of joint-authored works, it is the responsibility of the author to obtain permission from co-authors for the work to be reuse/republished;
- that reuse on personal websites and institutional or subject-based repositories includes a link to the work as published in the International Journal of Child, Youth & Family Studies; and that the material is not distributed under any kind of Open Access style licences (e.g. Creative Commons) which may affect the Licence between the author and IJCYFS.