How Does Learning Happen? Ontario’s Pedagogy of Oppression?: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Ontario’s Early Years Pedagogical Framework
Abstract
As Canada begins to establish universal childcare, the market-based neoliberalism of the early learning and care system continues to undervalue, underpay, overwork, and overpolice early childhood educators (ECEs). Ontario’s resource How Does Learning Happen? (HDLH) has been celebrated for its sociocultural stance and identified as transformative and central to the modernization of Ontario’s childcare system. Critical discourse analysis reveals how HDLH and the Ontario Ministry of Education continue to oppress ECEs. The implementation of universal childcare provides an opportunity for the government to include ECEs to make real changes in working conditions, wages, and the provision of quality childcare.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Arar, K., Örücü, D., & Wilkinson, J. (Eds.) (2021). Neoliberalism and education systems in conflict: Exploring challenges across the globe. Routledge.
Bennett, J. (2005). Curriculum issues in national policy-making. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 13(2), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930585209641
Berkovich, I., & Benoliel, P. (2020). Marketing teacher quality: Critical discourse analysis of OECD documents on effective teaching and TALIS. Critical Studies in Education, 61(4), 496–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2018.1521338
Best Start Expert Panel on Early Learning. (2007). Early learning for every child today: A framework for Ontario’s early childhood settings. Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxwb3J0Zm9saW9tbGVsaWV2cmV8Z3g6MTY1ZTYyMzNhYmFjNWExYQ
Bird, S., & Halfon, S. (2015). Professional pay for professional work: Piecemeal solutions get piecemeal results: Addressing wages in regulated child care in Ontario. eceLINK, Spring, 6–10. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/aeceo/pages/656/attachments/original/1428501168/Piecemeal_Solutions_Spring15.pdf?1428501168
Blaiklock, K. (2010). Te whāriki, the New Zealand early childhood curriculum: Is it effective? International Journal of Early Years Education, 18(3), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2010.521296
Cambridge University Press & Assessment. (n.d.). Pedagogy. In Cambridge dictionary. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/pedagogy
Cheese, T. (2022, March 29). Raise their pay or face shortage of workers to staff Ontario's new daycare spaces, advocates warn. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/child-care-workers-shortage-1.6401553
City of Toronto. (n.d.). A–Z list of licensed child care centres. https://www.toronto.ca/data/children/dmc/a2z/a2za.html
College of Early Childhood Educators. (2017). Code of ethics and standards of practice. https://www.college-ece.ca/en/Documents/Code_and_Standards_2017.pdf
College of Early Childhood Educators. (2021). Membership data report: 2020–2021 fiscal year. https://www.college-ece.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2020-2021_Membership_Data_Report.pdf
College of Early Childhood Educators. (2022). About RECEs. https://www.college-ece.ca/public/about-reces/
Corr, L., Cook, K., LaMontagne, A. D., Davis, E., & Waters, E. (2017). Early childhood educator mental health: Performing the national quality standard. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 42(4), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.23965/AJEC.42.4.11
Cotton, A. H. (2001). Private thoughts in public spheres: Issues in reflection and reflective practices in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(4), 512–519. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.02003.x
Courtney, S. J. (2016). Post-panopticism and school inspection in England. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(4), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2014.965806
Cumming, T., & Wong, S. (2019). Towards a holistic conceptualisation of early childhood educators’ work-related well-being. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 20(3), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949118772573
Cushion, J. C. (2016). Reflection and reflective practice discourses in coaching: A critical analysis. Sport, Education, and Society, 23(1), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2016.1142961
Davies, A. W. J., Brewer, K. C., & Shay, B. (2022). Sanism in early childhood education and care: Cultivating space for madness and mad educators in ECEC. eceLINK, 6(1), 18–30. https://childcarecanada.org/documents/research-policy-practice/22/07/sanism-early-childhood-education-and-care-cultivating-space
Davies, B., & Bansel, P. (2007). Neoliberalism and education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 20(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390701281751
Delaune, A. (2019). Neoliberalism, neoconservativism, and globalisation: The OECD and new images of what is ‘best’ in early childhood education. Policy Futures in Education, 17(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210318822182
Denison, J., Mills, J. P., & Konoval, T. (2017). Sports’ disciplinary legacy and the challenge of “coaching differently.” Sport, Education, and Society, 22(6), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1061986
Dietze, B., & Kashin, D. (2016). Empowering pedagogy for early childhood education. Pearson.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Intertextuality in critical discourse analysis. Linguistics and Education, 4(3–4), 269–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-5898(92)90004-G
Fairclough, N. (2011). Semiotic aspects of social transformation and learning. In R. Rogers (Ed.), An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Freire, P. (2012). Pedagogy of the oppressed (30th anniversary ed.). Continuum. (Original work published 1968)
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. Tavistock.
Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality. Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (2001). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Gee, J. P. (2011). Discourse analysis: What makes it critical? In R. Rogers (Ed.), An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education (pp. 51–73). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203836149
Gee, J. P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315819679
Government of British Columbia. (2019a). British Columbia early learning framework. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/early-learning/teach/earlylearning/early_learning_framework.pdf
Government of British Colombia. (2019b). The play today B.C. handbook. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/early-learning/teach/earlylearning/play-today-handbook.pdf
Government of Canada. (2022a, May 18). $10-a-day child care for families in Ontario [Press release]. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/03/28/10-day-child-care-families-ontario
Government of Canada. (2022b, May 11). Toward $10-a-day: Early learning and child care. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/campaigns/child-care.html
Halfon, S., & Langford, R. (2015). Developing and supporting a high-quality child care workforce in Canada: What are the barriers to change? Our Schools, Our Selves, 24(4), 131–144. https://policyalternatives.ca/our-schoolsour-selves-summer-2015
Hedges, H., Stagg Peterson, S., & Wajskop, G. (2018). Modes of play in early childhood curricular documents in Brazil, New Zealand, and Ontario. International Journal of Play, 7(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2018.1437379
Johnston, L. (2019). The (not) good educator: Reconceptualizing the image of the educator. eceLINK, 3(2), 40–54. https://www.aeceo.ca/peer_reviewed_articles
Johnston, L. (2021). Planning time for equity: A (re)examination of a study of ECEs’ perspectives on planning time in southern Ontario. In Z. E. Abawi, A. Eizadirad, & R. Berman (Eds.), Equity as praxis in early childhood education and care (pp. 85–106). Canadian Scholars.
Jones, A. (2022, March 29). Ontario needs over 86,000 child care spaces to meet demand with lower fees: advocates. The Canadian Press. https://globalnews.ca/news/8719676/ontario-child-care-spaces-demand-advocates/
Jones, M., Richardson, B., & Powell, A. (2019). Reconceptualizing our work: The connection between ECE students and political action. Journal of Childhood Studies, 44(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v44i1.18782
Kilderry, A., Nolan, A., & Scott, C. (2017). “Out of the loop”: Early childhood educators gaining confidence with unfamiliar policy discourse. Early Years, 37(4), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2016.1183595
Langford, R. (2006). Discourses of the good early childhood educator in professional training: Reproducing marginality or working toward social change. International Journal of Educational Policy, Research, and Practice: Reconceptualizing Childhood Studies, 7(1), 115–125. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ795122
Livingstone, R., & Hydon, C. (2019). Pedagogical documentation: The intersection of children’s learning and prescribed systems and policy. In L. Gibbs & M. Gasper (Eds.), Challenging the intersection of policy with pedagogy (pp. 3–19). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429454035-1
Madrid, S., & Dunn-Kenney, M. (2010). Persecutory guilt, surveillance and resistance: The emotional themes of early childhood educators. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 11(4), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2010.11.4.388
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Pedagogy. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pedagogy
Moss, P. (2017). Power and resistance in early childhood education: From dominant discourse to democratic experimentalism. Journal of Pedagogy, 8(1) 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/jped-2017-0001
New Zealand Ministry of Education. (2017). Te whāriki: He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early childhood curriculum. Learning Media.
Ontario Government. (1990). Education Act, RSO 1990, c.E.2. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90e02
Ontario Government. (2007). Early Childhood Educators Act, SO 2007, c. 7, Sched. 8. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/07e07
Ontario Government. (2014a, December 23). Pedagogical leadership: Guiding teaching and learning in early years settings [YouTube video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P25mOkoODpo&list=PLLm_tt7Z1gBlDnt-6CrbyCn7iZ0e-H_-v&index=15
Ontario Government. (2014b, December 23). Pedagogical leadership: Recognizing possibilities for professional learning in early years settings [YouTube video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivMJyP2Lj9s&list=PLLm_tt7Z1gBlDnt-6CrbyCn7iZ0e-H_-v&index=12
Ontario Government. (2014c). Child Care and Early Years Act, SO 2014, c. 11, Sched. 1. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/150137?_ga=2.144563574.251219170.1657722423-1748948867.1642602414
Ontario Government. (2022, May 3). Canada–Ontario early years and child care agreement. https://www.ontario.ca/page/canada-ontario-early-years-and-child-care-agreement
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2013). Ontario early years policy framework. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. http://www.edugains.ca/resourcesCurrImpl/MinistryStrategies/LinkedImages/OntarioEarlyYearsPolicyFramework.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2014). How does learning happen? Ontario’s pedagogy for the early years. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. https://files.ontario.ca/edu-how-does-learning-happen-en-2021-03-23.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2015, June 8). Minister’s policy statement on programming and pedagogy made under the Child Care and Early Years Act, 2014. https://files.ontario.ca/edu-1/edu-minister-policy-statement-program-cceya-en-2021-03-10.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2017). Ontario’s renewed early years and child care policy framework. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. https://files.ontario.ca/renewed_early_years_child_care_policy_framework_en.pdf
Ontario Reggio Association. (2021). Connections to Ontario’s pedagogy. https://ontarioreggioassociation.ca/about/reggio-emilia/
Page, D. (2017a). Conceptualising the surveillance of teachers. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(7), 991–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2016.1218752
Page, D. (2017b). The surveillance of teachers and the simulation of teaching. Journal of Education Policy, 32(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2016.1209566
Page, D. (2018). Conspicuous practice: Self-surveillance and commodification in English education. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 27(4), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2017.1351309
Pascal, C. (2009). With our best future in mind: Implementing early learning in Ontario. Queens Printer for Ontario. https://www.oise.utoronto.ca/atkinson/UserFiles/File/Resources_Topics/With_Our_Best_Future_In_Mind_-_Charles_Pascal.pdf
Perryman, J., Ball, S. J., Braun, A., & Maguire, M. (2017). Translating policy: Governmentality and the reflective teacher. Journal of Education Policy, 32(6), 745–756. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1309072
Powell, A., Ferns, C., & Burrell, S. (2021). Forgotten on the frontline. A survey report on Ontario’s early years and child care workforce. Association of Early Childhood Educators Ontario & the Ontario Coalition for Better Child Care. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/aeceo/pages/2614/attachments/original/1621392971/Forgotten_on_the_frontline.pdf?1621392971
Powell, A., Langford, R., Albanese, P., Prentice, S., & Bezanson, K. (2020). Who cares for carers? How discursive constructions of care work marginalized early childhood educators in Ontario’s 2018 provincial election. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 21(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949120928433
Richardson, B., & Langford, R. (2022). Care-full pedagogy: Conceptualizing feminist care ethics as an overarching critical framework to interrupt the dominance of developmentalism within post-secondary early childhood education programs. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/14639491221120037
Rogers, R. (2011). Critical approaches to discourse analysis in educational research. In R. Rogers (Ed.), An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education (pp. 1–20). Routledge.
School of Teacher Education at Charles Sturt University. (2014, August 27). How does learning happen? A commentary [YouTube video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0IwNNIX8xA
Steger, M. B., & Roy, R. K. (2021). Neoliberalism: A very short introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Waring, H. Z. (2017). Discourse analysis: The questions discourse analysts ask and how they answer them. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315621340
Willey-Sthapit, C., Jen, S., Storer, H. L., & Benson, O. G. (2022). Discursive decisions: Signposts to guide the use of critical discourse analysis in social work. Qualitative Social Work, 21(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325020979050
Young, M. (2015). Supporting a high quality ECEC workforce: Unionization. Our Schools, Our Selves, 24(4), 145–152. https://policyalternatives.ca/our-schoolsour-selves-summer-2015
Copyright (c) 2023 Richard Stronach

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to the Journal of Childhood Studies agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International license. This licence allows anyone to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal right of first publication.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.