From Watchdog to Mouthpiece

How Populism, Platforms, and Ownership Reshape the Media in India

Abstract

This paper examines the erosion of press freedom in India and its implications on the media's democratic role. While the press is expected to function as a watchdog by holding the government accountable, informing citizens, and facilitating public debate, this role is increasingly constrained. This paper argues that right-wing populism, the expanding influence of social media platforms, and the growing concentration of media ownership have significantly limited the independence of Indian journalism. Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, populist strategies aim to delegitimize journalists and suppress dissent through harassment, legal measures, and creating conditions that compel self-censorship. At the same time, social media has amplified misinformation and polarization, challenging the authority of traditional media outlets. These pressures are compounded by concentrated media ownership, which prioritizes political and economic interests over independent reporting. Together, these developments limit the media's capacity to act as an effective watchdog for democracy. India's case reflects broader global pressures on media institutions, raising concerns about the future of democratic accountability.